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4 Addition Family - 1+3 -- 4
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5 Addition Family - 3+2 -- 5
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6 Addition Family - 0+6 -- 6
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7 Addition Family - 6+1 -- 7
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7th Grade Vocab List 1 - balk -- stop short, refusing to move or act
- elocution -- the art of public speaking
- absurd -- inconsistent with reason or accepted ideas, ridiculous
- egotism -- conceit, self-exaltation
- silhouette -- shaded outline
- bluntly -- rudely or abruptly, without tact
- extricate -- set free, disentangle
7th Grade Vocab List 10 - indignation -- righteous anger
- pantomime -- actions and gestures without words
- inauguration -- formal induction into office
- malice -- ill will, evil intentions
- inaccessible -- unreachable, unapproachable
- loom -- appear indistinctly in enlarged or threatening form
- quaint -- pleasantly unusual or uncommon
7th Grade Vocab List 11 - vigor -- healthy energy, forcefulness
- recipient -- receiver
- verbatim -- in the exact words
- ambitious -- motivated by achieving success
- treason -- betrayal, rebellion, treachery
- warrant -- authorize, allow, justify
- staggering -- astonishing, overwhelming
7th Grade Vocab List 12 - benevolence -- doing good to others, kindness
- deficit -- shortage or inadequacy
- archangel -- cief angel
- deceased -- dead
- destitute -- in absolute want, poverty-stricken
- climax -- highest point of interest or excitement
- derive -- get, receive, obtain
7th Grade Vocab List 2 - livid -- enraged, furious
- ethical -- morally right
- impetuous -- acting quickly with little thought, hasty
- stamina -- endurance, strength to continue
- heirloom -- possession handed down from generation to generation
- mutilate -- cut off or remove a part of
- gnarled -- rough, twisted, knotted
7th Grade Vocab List 3 - dreary -- dull, bleak
- plod -- walk heavily or laboriously
- tedious -- long and tiresome
- ominous -- ill-omened, threatening
- submerge -- go beneath the surface
- exquisite -- without flaw, delicate and lovely
- smolder -- burn without a flame
7th Grade Vocab List 4 - perforate -- punch holes in
- composure -- settled state, calmness
- epidemic -- widespread outbreak of an illness
- component -- part, portion, section
- cunning -- cleverness or craftiness
- coax -- persuade with soothing words
- consolation -- comfort for sorrow or distress
7th Grade Vocab List 5 - custodian -- keeper, guardian, conservator
- frugal -- thrifty, not wasteful
- cower -- shrink back or tremble in fear
- exuberant -- overflowing with excitement, enthusiastic
- appraise -- estimate the worth of
- debris -- ruins, rubbish
- jubilant -- rejoicing, exultant
7th Grade Vocab List 6 - monotonous -- unvarying, repetitious
- supplant -- dispossess, uproot and replace
- dilapidated -- ruined, decayed, in disrepair
- shrill -- sharp, high-pitched, piercing
- virtue -- moral excellence, righteousness
- monumental -- massive, large-scale
- torrent -- rushing flow, outpouring
7th Grade Vocab List 7 - detrimental -- harmful, damaging
- inevitable -- unavoidable, inescapable
- consultation -- meeting for discussion or planning
- impertinent -- presumptuous, disrespectful
- martyr -- one who dies for his beliefs
- exile -- send away, banish
- ingenuity -- inventive skill or imagination
7th Grade Vocab List 8 - pensive -- deep in thought, meditative
- serene -- calm, restful, undisturbed
- tranquillity -- calmness, quietness
- renounce -- give up, cast off
- sufficient -- all that is needed, enough
- peril -- danger, risk
- solace -- comfort, consolation, relief
7th Grade Vocab List 9 - critical -- hard to please, faultfinding
- heretic -- one who rejects generally accepted beliefs
- barrage -- barrier of artillery fire
- gaping -- wide open
- anguish -- distress, agony, torment
- fateful -- decisive, momentous
- affluent -- wealthy
8 Addition Family - 1+7 -- 8
- 4+4 -- 8
- 7+1 -- 8
- 0+8 -- 8
- 3+5 -- 8
- 6+2 -- 8
- 2+6 -- 8
- 5+3 -- 8
- 8+0 -- 8
9 Addition Family - 5+4 -- 9
- 8+1 -- 9
- 1+8 -- 9
- 4+5 -- 9
- 7+2 -- 9
- 0+9 -- 9
- 3+6 -- 9
- 6+3 -- 9
- 9+0 -- 9
- 2+7 -- 9
According to His Will - Cyrus the Great -- the Persian king who allowed the Jews to return to Judah
- Shalmaneser V -- the Assyrian king who deported the ten tribes of the Northern Kingdom
- Sennacherib -- the Assyrian king who God defeated because of his pride and defiance
- Nebuchadnezzar -- the king who conquered the western part of the Fertile Crescent, built the Hanging Gardens
- Belshazzar -- the son of Nabonidus who handled the actual business of government and was killed by Medes and Persians
- Tiglath-pileser -- the king who began in earnest the Assyrian drive to a world empire was _____ III
- Jonah -- the Jewish prophet who warned Ninevah of God's coming judgment
- Nabopolassar -- the king who conquered all of Mesopotamia and established the Chaldean Empire
- Nabonidus -- teh last Chaldean king, who preferred to travel around the empire and leave business under his son
- Ashurbanipal -- the last great Assyrian king, who collected a library of about 100,000 cuneiform tablets
- Nahum -- the prophet who prophesied the destruction of Ninevah
- Daniel -- the Israel captive who interpreted Nebuchadnezzar's dream as well as the writing on the wall
According to His Will (2) - Nineveh -- the city built by Nimrod that became the Assyrian capital
- Darius -- the Persian king who made the Middle East into one big market place
- Royal Road -- the great "highway" built by Darius
- Isaiah -- the prophet who foretold that God would assist Cyrus in his conquests
- Hanging Gardens -- the gardens built by Nebuchadnezzar for his wife
Age of Darkness - Ockham -- William of ______ used logic to discredit doctrine of pope's absolute supremacy
- Eucharist -- the Lord's Supper
- Jerome -- church leader who translated the Vulgate
- cardinals -- priests of the churches in Rome or bishops of churches close to Rome
- Chaucer -- author of The Canterbury Tales
- indulgences -- certificates from pope that excused a person from doing penance
- Huss -- teacher whom the Council of Constance burned at the stake
- humanities -- subjects such as history, grammar, rhetoric, and poetry
- Nicholas II -- pope who declared popes chosen only by cardinals
- Vulgate -- Jerome's Latin translation of the Scripture
- Ockham -- William of ______ used logic to discredit doctrine of pope's absolute supremacy
- Benedict -- monk who founded a monastery in Italy; set standard of rules for other monks
- Michelangelo -- the greatest artist of the Renaissance; hired to paint ceiling of Sistine Chapel
- Lollards -- followers of John Wycliffee
- Chaucer -- author of The Canterbury Tales
- Wycliffe -- had entire Bible translated into English for first time
- monasticism -- withdrawing from society and living in solitude
- heretic -- baptized members of Roman church who disagreed with official church opinion
- Nicholas II -- pope who declared popes chosen only by cardinals
- Aristotle -- "The Philosopher"
- friars -- monks who preached and did missionary work outside the monasteries
- Benedict -- monk who founded a monastery in Italy; set standard of rules for other monks
- dukes -- powerful nobles who ruled small territories in Germany
- Dante -- author of Divine Comedy
- saints -- deceased persons officially recognized by church as holy
- Wycliffe -- had entire Bible translated into English for first time
- Renaissance -- period of rebirth of learning in Europe
- Otto the Great -- crowned "Emperor of the Romans" by pope at beginning of Holy Roman Empire
- purgatory -- place where repentant sinners stay after death until properly punished
- Aristotle -- "The Philosopher"
- patrons -- people who use their own money to support the arts
- Raphael -- famous painter; painted Sistine Madonna and the School of Athens
- breviary -- book with the official order of worship in church services
- Dante -- author of Divine Comedy
- Wycliffe -- Oxford Univ. teacher who challenged some central opinion of Roman church
- The Prince -- the only book of lasting importance produced by the Italian Renaissance
- Hussites -- followers of John Huss
- Otto the Great -- crowned "Emperor of the Romans" by pope at beginning of Holy Roman Empire
- Augustine -- philosopher; wrote The confessions and The City of God
- nuns -- women who practice monasticism
- scholasticism -- approach to learning which tried to combine Greek philosophy with Romanism
- Thomas Aquinas -- philosopher who combined philosophy of Aristotle with Romanism; church forbade anyone to disagree with him
- blood and body -- transubstantiation is the belief that the elements of the Lord's Supper actually change from bread and wine to Christ's _____
- Wycliffe -- Oxford Univ. teacher who challenged some central opinion of Roman church
- Black Death -- form of bubonic plague that killed about one half population of Europe
- Fowler -- Henry the ______ was a powerful duke; began Saxon line of kigns in Germany
- penance -- sacrament of punishments in this life for repentant sinners
- Augustine -- philosopher; wrote The confessions and The City of God
- Renaissance man -- one who displays his talents in all fields
- da Vinci -- master painter, sculptor, inventor, and engineer; painted Mona Lisa and The Last Supper
- Toulouse -- council that forbade anyone except a church leader to possess a copy of the Bible
- Aquinas -- philosopher who combined philosophy of Aristotle with Romanism; church forbade anyone to disagree with him
- Jerome -- church leader who translated the Vulgate
- Machiavelli -- writer of The Prince
- Constance -- council that condemned Wycliffe and Huss
- Fowler -- Henry the ______ was a powerful duke; began Saxon line of kigns in Germany
- Huss -- teacher whom the Council of Constance burned at the stake
- monks -- men who practice monasticism
- Inquisition -- special church court with power to inquire about and judge matters of heresy
- da Vinci -- master painter, sculptor, inventor, and engineer; painted Mona Lisa and The Last Supper
Animals of the Rockies - Mountain Lions -- the most widely distributed carnivorous animal in the New World
- pika -- the fat little farmer of the mountain slopes
- Bighorn -- the wild sheep of North America
- Grizzly Bear -- the most dangerous animal of North America
- water ouzel -- the dipper
- Mountain Lions -- the second largest cat in the Western Hemisphere
- water ouzel -- makes its nest behind a waterfall
Beginning of Modern Age - Ulrich Zwingli -- the "people's priest"; began Reformation in Zurich, Switzerland
- Waldensians -- follower of Peter Waldo
- Wycliffe -- English scholar who had entire Bible translated into English for the first time
- Italian -- this Renaissance was a "rebirth" of learning in Italy; focused on classical books of ancient Greece and Rome
- Erasmus -- Desiderius _____ ws known for his translation of the New Testament in original Greek
- simony -- practice of purchasing church offices
- Tetzel -- friar who traveled through Germany selling indulgences
- popular -- education of all people rather than just a privileged few
- Charles V -- emperor who called Luther to the Diet of Worms
- Anabaptists -- group whoe believed rebaptized people who had been baptized as infants
- Petrobrusians -- follower of Peter of Bruis
- heretic -- any baptized members of Roman church who disagreed with official church opinion
- Gutenberg -- inventor of movable-type printing press; produced first printed edition of Bible
- Gutenberg -- the first printed edition of the Bible
- Martin Luther -- nailed Ninety-five Theses to Wittenberg church door
- Edict of Worms -- edict that declared Luther a heretic
- Wise -- Frederick the _____ was a prince who permitted Luther a hearing at the Diet of Augsburg
- Anabaptists -- group whose members usually believed only believers should be baptized
- John Calvin -- French reformer; wrote The Institutes of the Christian Religion
- Hussites -- follower of John Huss
- Huss -- Bohemian preacher; led movement for true Christianity in his country
- Northern -- this Renaissance was a movement that resulted when rebirth of learning spread from Italy into other European countries
- Martin Luther -- reformerr; translated New Testament into German
- Ninety-five -- Luther's statements that were nailed to the church door were called the _____ Theses
- Pope Leo X -- pope who condemned Luther's Theses and excommunicated him
- Wittenberg -- first Protestant university was the University of ________
Canada's Cities - Toronto -- The largest city in Canada
- Vancouver -- Canada's Gateway to the Pacific
- Ottawa -- The capital of Canada
- Winnipeg -- Gateway to the West
- Quebec City -- The only walled city north of Mexico
- Montreal -- One of the world's largest inland ports
- Churchill -- Polar Bear Capital of the World
Cara's List 33 - strenuous -- requiring much energy
- hazard -- a source of harm
- horizon -- the line where earth and sky seem to meet
- biography -- the written story of a person's life
- participate -- to take part
- fundamental -- basic
- lax -- not strict; careless
- accountable -- having to answer for one's actions
- eliminate -- to get rid of
- possession -- ownership; property
Cara's List 34 - prominent -- easy to see
- extraordinary -- very unusual; remarkable
- edible -- fit to eat
- illustrate -- to make clear by examples or pictures
- quest -- a search or hunt
- illiterate -- unable to read and write
- excursion -- a short trip
- intellect -- mental ability; the mind
- legible -- clearly written; readable
- exhibition -- a public show or display
Class. of Volcanoes 3.4 - CinderCone -- Small, cone-shaped volcanoes formed mostly of tephra and quickly eroded
- Dormant -- A volcano which erupted many years ago and is now inactive
- Strombolian -- A usually mild, frequent eruption of a volcano
- Shield -- Dome-shaped volcanoes formed b eruptions of fluid, runny lava
- Calderas -- A large, bowl-shaped depression formed when an underground magma chamber caves in
- Hawaiian -- Type of eruption in which a volcano produces a large amount of fluid lava; surges like water
- Crater -- A depression at the top of a volcano
- Composite -- Steep-sided volcanoes formed by alternating layers of flid lava and tephra
- Extinct -- Volcanoes that have not erupted in recorded history or are unlikely to ever erupt again.
- Plinian -- An eruption when volcano expels hot clouds of gas and dust high into the atmosphere, forming ash clouds
Desert - Pacific Coast - gila monster -- One of only two poisonous lizards in the world.
- Crater Lake -- The deepest lake in the United States.
- salmon -- The fish that is born in freshwater streams, migrates to the ocean, and travels back to its birthplace to lay eggs.
- night -- Most desert animals come out at ______.
- albatross -- The Wandering __________ has the greatest wingspan of any bird.
- Yosemite -- North America's highest waterfall.
- Sherman -- The tree that is considered to be the world's largest in wood volume is General __________.
- prickly pear -- The most widespread cactus.
- condor -- The largest land bird in North America is the California __________.
- Olympic -- The rainiest places on earth are located on the ____________ Peninsula.
- St. Helens -- The large volcano in the Cascades that erupted on Ma 18, 1980.
Down to Egypt - Joseph -- the vizier who prepared Egypt for a seven-year famine
- Menes -- the pharaoh who united the two kingdoms of Egypt
- Thutmose III -- the pharaoh when the Egyptian empire reached its greatest extent
- hieroglyphics -- Egyptian writing
- Nile River -- the longest river in the world
- Herodotus -- the Greek historian who wrote descriptions of the wonders of ancient Egypt
- Champollion -- the scholar who deciphered the Rosetta Stone and unlocked the secrets of hieroglyphics
- Ramses II -- the pharaoh who had many giant statues of himself
- sphinxes -- a mysterious statue with the head of a man, ram, or hawk and the body of a lion
- archaeology -- the study of the relics and ruins of ancient cultures
- Mizraim -- Ham's son who setled in Egypt
- Moses -- the man God used to deliver Israel from slavery
- Hatshepsut -- the only female pharaoh
- pyramids -- huge tombs built for some pharaohs
- Rosetta Stone -- the stone used by Jean Francis Champollion to decipher hieroglyphics
Down to Egypt (2) - mummification -- the Egyptian process of preserving dead bodies
- Step Pyramid -- may have been the first structure in world history made entirely of stone
- tribute -- a payment from oen nation to another
- pharaohs -- Egyptian god-kings
- mastabas -- early tombs with flat tops and sloping sides
- Great Sphinx -- a gigantic statue carved in limestone which has a lion's body and a human face in the likeness of a pharaoh
- scribe -- a person who kept written records for the pharaoh and other government officials
- cataracts -- rapids
- dynasties -- families within which the right to be king is passed from one member to the next
- Great Pyramid -- the first and largest pyramid
- vizier -- the pharaoh's chief assistant
- papyrus -- a plant used by the Egyptians to make boats, baskets, boxes, mats, sandals
Early Church History - church -- an assembly or body of people
- excommunication -- being cut off from communication with human rulers of the church; denied sacraments
- deacon -- comes from the Greek word for "servant"
- Apostolic -- idea which maintains Peter and Paul handed down their power is the ____ Succession
- Valentinian III -- Western Roman emperor; recognized Pope Leo I as supreme over church
- Pope -- the bishop of the church of Rome
- Christendom -- the portion of the world in which Christianity prevails
- Nicine Creed -- a statement of belief affirming Christ's divinity
- koine -- the most common form of the Greek language; used for writing New Testament
- Eucharist -- the Lord's Supper
- Judaism -- the religion of the Jews
- catholic -- means "universal" or "one"
- Irenaeus -- the church leader in Gaul; said every church must agree with Church of Rome
- Roman Catholic -- the church founded on belief that bishop of Church of Rome is supreme over all churches
- Jerusalem -- where the first Christian church was located
- Nicaea -- the council that affirmed Christ's divinity in A.D. 325
- apostles -- the twelve men who had first-handed knowledge of Jesus; God sent out to preach gospel
- sacrament -- "sacred act"
- Gentiles -- non-Jews
- bishop -- comes from the Greek term meaning "overseer" or "superintendent"
- Diotrephes -- the church leader; loved "to have preeminence"; put himself above God's Word
- Petrine theory -- belif that Christ made Peter head of Catholic church and Peter passed this to bishop of Rome
- Gelasius -- pope; said leaders of the church are supreme over all human rulers
- Arianism -- opinion that Jesus was not God but rather had been created by God the Father
- Middle Ages -- the period after the collapse of the Roman Empire
- mass -- a Roman Catholic service
Earth's Structure 3.1 - Crust -- The outermost layer of the earth
- Core -- The innermost region of the earth
- Chemical -- This type of weathering is caused by natural acids
- Geologist -- Scientists who study the earth
- Moho -- The boundary between the crust and the mantle
- Weathering -- The process by which new soil is formed
- Geology -- The study of the earth
- Sediments -- A thin layer of soil and a thick layer of sand and mineral fragments that covers the rocks of the crust
- Soil -- A mixture of broken-down rocks and decomposed plants and animals
- Physical -- This type of weathering is caused by water, ice, or windblown sand
Earthquakes 3.2 - Aftershock -- Smaller earthquakes or tremors that occur periodically for days or even months after a major earthquake, gradually decreasing
- Fault -- The break that appears in the rock at the boundary between two moving masses of rock
- Magnitude -- The strength of an earthquake
- Circum-Pacific -- Most earthquakes occur in this best region.
- Tremor -- A weak earthquake
- Seismologists -- Scientists who study earthquakes
- Epicenter -- The place at ground level that is directly above the focus
- Belts -- The regions where most earthquake faults are found are called seismic ______.
- Earthquakes -- Any trembling or shaking of the earth's crust
- Seismology -- The study of earthquakes
- Focus -- The point underground where an earthquake begins
- Richter -- The most famous scale used to measure earthquake strength
- Tsunamis -- Giant waves that may be caused by earthquakes
From Empire to Feudalism - page -- boy around age of 7 who is training for knighthood
- Clovis -- first great Frankish military and political leader; began Merovingian line of kings
- Papal States -- Donation of Pepin
- Patrician -- _____ of the romans was the title given to Pepin by the pope
- heraldry -- study of coats of arms and their designs
- Pepin -- Mayor of the Palace; sought approval from pope to be titled king
- Moors -- Muslims from North Africa
- joust -- contest between two knights; fought to unseat each other
- Mayors -- government officials who did the kings' duties were ______ of the Palace
- fief -- piece of land owned by one man who permitted another to use it in return for services
- Verdun -- the treaty that divided the Carolingian Empire into three parts
- Clovis -- first great Frankish military and political leader; began Merovingian line of kings
- investiture -- act where the lord gave the vassal an object as symbol of vassal's rights to use fief
- Norsemen -- Vikings
- Pepin the Short -- Mayor of the Palace; sought approval from pope to be titled king
- chivalry -- code of conduct for nobility and knights
- Mayors -- government officials who did the kings' duties were ______ of the Palace
- coat of arms -- group of emblems and figures used for identification purposes
- Boniface -- missionary who acted for Pope Zacharias crowning Pepin king
- Magyars -- barbarian invader from the east; known as "Scourge of Europe"
- moat -- protective trench of water surrounding castle
- Franks -- freedom-loving Germanic people; settled in what is today called France and Germany
- feudalism -- way of life based upon the ownership and use of land
- serfs -- farmers of the manors; worked for nobles and were like slaves
- Patrician -- _____ of the romans was the title given to Pepin by the pope
- vassal -- man who used the land in exchange for his services
- Moors -- Muslims from North Africa
- Bishop Boniface -- missionary who acted for Pope Zacharias crowning Pepin king
- crown land -- part of the king's land for personal use
- fief -- piece of land owned by one man who permitted another to use it in return for services
- Franks -- freedom-loving Germanic people; settled in what is today called France and Germany
- squire -- personal servant to a lord or another knight in lord's service
- Martel -- mayor who aligned himself with church supporting Bishop Boniface
- Verdun -- the treaty taht divided the Carolingian Empire into three parts
- castles -- heavily fortified dwellings of nobles
- Charlemagne -- "defender of the churches of Christ"; crowned "Charles Augustus, emperor of the Romans"
- Norsemen -- Vikings
- tournament -- mock wars between two teams of knights
- Papal -- Donation of Pepin became known as the _______ States
- lord -- man who owned the land
- Magyars -- barbarian invader from the east; known as "Scourge of Europe"
- Charles Martel -- mayor who aligned himself with church supporting Bishop Boniface
- knight -- master of medieval warfare who wore heavy armor and fought on horseback with weapons
- feudalism -- way of life based upon the ownership and use of land
- Charlemagne -- "defender of the churches of Christ"; crowned "Charles Augustus, emperor of the Romans"
Greece: A Drama in 2 Acts - Socrates -- the philosopher who insisted that morality be a part of philosophy
- Salamis -- the place where the small Greek navy defeated the Persian fleet
- oligarchy -- rule by a few rather than one or many; rule by a few rich men
- Philip II -- the Macedonian king who conquered almost all of Greece before he was assissinated
- Minoans -- the people who built the earliest civilization in the vicinity of Greece
- Helots -- the common laborers who farmed the land for the rulling class
- Javan -- Japheth's son who was the ancestor of the Greeks
- Antipater -- the general who ruled over Macedonia after Alexander's death
- Zeus -- king of all the Greek gods
- Delian League -- a defensive alliance formed by Athens to prevent another Persian invasion
- Odysseus -- a great warrior in Greek mythology
- Crete -- island where the Minoans lived
- polis -- the Greek city-state
- dialogues -- Plato's writings
- Xerxes -- the king who launched a second Persian invasion of Greece
- Mount Olympus -- the home of the gods according to Greek mythology
- Olympic games -- Greek games held every four years in honor of Zeus
- Hellenistic -- the period between Alexander's conquest and the rise of the Roman Empire is called the ____ Age
- Pericles -- the aristocrat who brought Athenian democracy to its fullest measure
- Thermopylae -- the narrow mountain pass where the Spartan army was betrayed by a traitor
- aristocracy -- rule by the "best"
- Aristotle -- the philosopher who recognized order, design, and purpose in the universe; teacher of Alexander the Great
- Alexandria -- the name given to 16 cities built by Alexander
- democracy -- rule by the many or the common people
- Ptolemy -- the general who ruled over Egypt after Alexander's death
- Dorians -- ivaders from the north who helped to bring about a dark age in Greece which started about 1200 B.C.
- direct -- a government in which the people themselves make the big decisions directly, rather than indirectly through representatives is a ____ democracy
- Achilles -- a great warrior in Greek mythology
- Thucydides -- the author of History of the Peloponnesian War
- Athena -- Greek goddess of wisdom
- philosopher -- "lover of wisdom"
- Darius I -- the Persian king who crushed the Ionian revolt and demanded that the mainland Greeks submit to him
- Troy -- a city on the coast of Asia Minor that was burned after a 10-year war
- agora -- the Greek marketplace
- Hellenic -- Greek
- Solon -- an aristocrat who introduced democratic principles to Athenian government
- Hellespont -- a strait between Europe and Asia Minor where the Persians built a bridge
- monarchy -- rule by one
- Plato -- the philosopher who wrote thirty or more works called dialogues
- Persepolis -- the chief city of the Persian homeland that was conquered by Alexander in 530 B.C.
- tyranny -- a bad form of one-man rule
- Alexander -- the young Greek conqueror of Persia was _________ the Great.
- Mycenaeans -- the people who flourished on the mainland of Greece between about 1600 and 1200 B.C.
- Peloponnesian -- a league formed between Sparta and other Greek cities was the ______ League.
- Homer -- the blind poet who greatly influenced Greek culture
- Laomedon -- the general who took Syria, including all of Canaan, after Alexander's death
- Apollo -- Greek god of the sun
- Peloponnesian -- the war between Athens and Sparta that lasted from 431 B.C. to 404 B.C.
- Cyrus the Great -- the Persian emperor who conquered Ionia in 546 B.C.
- Knossos -- the Palace of ________ was an impressive structure built by teh Minoans
- acropolis -- a hilltop fortress that served as a seat of governmet and religion
- phalanx -- a large group of foot soldiers trained to charge the enemy as a group
- Leonidas -- the brave leader of the Spartans at Thermopylae
- Marathon -- the place where the greatly out-numbered Athenians defeated the Persians
- Persian Wars -- a series of battles between the Persians and Greeks
- Parthenon -- a beautiful temple to Athena
History - Sumer to Canaan - cuneiform -- wedge-shaped writing
- humanist -- one who makes men into gods
- Abraham -- the father of the nation Israel
- Nanna -- the moon god that supposedly owned the city of Ur
- Joseph -- Jacob's son who was sold into slavery by his brothers
- Fertile -- the area in the Middle East known for its ability to grow crops and shaped like a crescent is the ____ Crescent
- Shamash -- the sun god who supposedly gave Hammurabi authority to make his code of laws
- Mesopotamia -- This is the land between the Tigris and Euphrates. Means "land between the rivers".
- Marduk -- the chief god of Babylon who became the king of all the gods
- dispersion -- the scattering of people over the earth
- monotheist -- one who worships only one god
- ziggurat -- a tower built in tiers or stages, each stage smaller than the one beneath
- Hammurabi -- the king of Babylon who united all of Mesopotamia under his rule
- Ur -- one of the most important cities of the land of Sumer; the city where God called Abraham to leave
- bureaucracy -- a group of people appointed by a ruler to help him govern
- Euphrates -- one of the two great rivers in the Fertile Crescent. Means "fruitful".
- promulgation -- making the laws known
- Megiddo -- the valley also called Armageddon that will be the last battleground of world history.
- polytheist -- one who worships many gods
- Anu -- the god of the sky
- Sargon -- the Akkadian king who conquered the Sumerians
- empire -- rule by one city or people over other cities or peoples
- Middle East -- a part of the world where the continents africa, Asia, and Europe meet
- Tigris -- one of the two great rivers in the Fertile Crescent. Means "arrow".
- laws -- rules people follow in living together
- Canaan -- the center of the ancient world
- Patriarchs -- Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob
History - The Beginning - Shem -- one of Noah's three sons who repopulated the world after the Flood
- Genesis -- the first book of the Bible; means "beginning"
- culture -- the way of life of a group of people
- Lamech -- a descendant of Cain; he bragged about the murders he had committed
- Eve -- the first woman; her name means "mother of all"
- Nimrod -- a mighty hunter who encouraged the people to build the tower of Babel
- Babel -- the city in Shinar where the tower was built
- humanism -- putting man in place of or above God
- Cain -- the first murderer; God doomed him to live as a wanderer because of his sin
- Adam -- the very first man; his name mans "man"
- Noah -- the man who obeyed God, built the ark, and with his family escaped God's judgment
- Shinar -- the plain where Noah's family and his descendants settled
- evolution -- the idea that man was not created directly by God but instead "evolved" from the animals
- nation -- a group of people who think of themselves as one and act in history as a unit
- Seth -- a son of Adam and Eve whose descendants were at least aware of their sins
IEW Vocab Words 1-14 - towering -- reaching a height above others
- depict -- to describe by words or by picture
- colossal -- huge
- plead -- to beg
- quake -- to shake or vibrate
- descend -- to go down
- corrupt -- to change from good to bad
- indefinite -- not fixed or limited; not measurable; not clear
- serpentine -- twisting and turning
- bellow -- to give a loud, deep, roar
- fashioned -- made, built, or shaped
- contrary -- opposing or resisting
- validate -- to prove to be true
- radiant -- shining or giving off light; beaming, as with joy or energy
- streak -- to move very fast; to leave a mark with a different color or texture
IEW Vocab Words 16-28 - ascend -- to go up
- presently -- soon
- monument -- something that serves as reminder of something else - esp. a building or statue
- resemble -- to be like or similar to
- erode -- to wear away
- devour -- to eat or consume greedily
- baffling -- hard to understand
- enigma -- a mystery
- fanciful -- imaginary
- wail -- to grieve or cry
- despair -- loss of hope
- splendor -- magnifence
- adorned -- decorated
Indians of the West - reservation -- The term that is used for a piece of land set aside by the government as a home for an Indian tribe.
- Whitman -- One of the first white women to journey west of the Rockies.
- Northwest -- One of the most advanced Indian cultures of North America
- Salish -- The group of tribes known as Flatheads, lived in northwest Montana
- Pueblo -- Spanish for "village".
- Navajo -- Famous for their beautiful woven rugs and silver jewelry.
- Nez Perce -- Famous as breeders of the appaloosa, a horse with a spotted or splotched coat
- Pueblos -- Descendants of an earlier civilization called the Anasazi, who were excellent basket weavers.
- Navajo -- The largest tribe in the United States today.
- Spalding -- One of the first white women to journey west of the Rockies.
- Sacagawea -- Famous Shoshone who joined Lewis and Clark on their trip across America to the Pacific Ocean
- Ute -- The state of Utah was named after this Indian tribe.
Islam versus Christendom - caliphs -- Mohammed's successors
- Saladin -- Muslim leader who reconquered Jerusalem during the Second Crusade
- Peasants' -- crusade described as an unruly mob; destroyed by the Turks
- Arabia -- the one million square-mile peninsula that lies southeast of fertile crescent
- Second Crusade -- crusade that accomplished nothing
- blackstone -- the sacred treasure stored at Kaaba
- jihad -- Muslims' name for "holy war"
- Koran -- Muslim holy book
- Urban II -- the pope who proclaimed the beginning of Crusades
- crusades -- "holy wars" fought against Islam in the name of Christianity
- Mohammed II -- leader of the Ottomans who captured Constantinople in 1453
- Fourth Crusade -- It never reach Holy Land but attacked and robbed city of Constantinople
- Bedouins -- Arab nomads
- First Crusade -- crusade that captured Asia Minor and took Jerusalem
- Hegira -- Mohammed's flight from Mecca; turning point for Islam
- Muslims -- followers of Islam
- Mohammed -- the founder of Islam
- Battle of Tours -- checked Muslim advance into western Europe
- Lion-Hearted -- Richard the ________ was a valiant leaer in the Third Crusade
- Third Crusade -- crusade called the "Crusade of the Kings"
- Mecca -- the birthplace of Mohammed
- Children's -- crusade in which many became slaves to North African Muslims
- Allah -- the god of Islam
- Islam -- the new religion founded by Mohammed about 600 years after Christ
Israel in Its Land - Jordan River -- the river God parted to allow the Israelites to cross over into Canaan
- Southern -- Judah; fell to the Chaldean Empire in the 500s B.C.
- Asia Minor -- the are between the Black Sea, the Mediterranean Sea, and the Euphrates River
- Moses -- leader who received the Ten Commandments at Mount Sinai
- Saul -- the first earthly king of Israel
- Mount Sinai -- the place where God made a covenant with Israel and gave Moses the Ten Commandmets
- Northern -- Israel; fell to the Assyrian Empire in the 700s B.C.
- Carthage -- a Phoenician trading post which grew into a large city
- Samuel -- the wise leader who warned Israel against the dangers of having an earthly king
- Solomon -- the king who asked God for wisdom
- Jericho -- the heavily fortified city that fell at the sound of trumpets and shouts
- Tyre and Sidon -- two of the independent Phoenician cities
- Hattusas -- the Hittite city burned by the Assyrians
- Joshua -- the leader of Israel after Moses' death
- David -- the king who led Israel to the peak of its greatness as a nation-state
Israel in Its Land (2) - Phoenicians -- prosperous sea traders who established a great network of trading posts
- Hittites -- a group of people who controlled an empire in Asia Minor and who used their resources for war ad conquest
- covenant -- a solemn agreement
- Decalogue -- the Ten Commandments
- Chaldeans -- the people to whom the Northern Kingdom and the Hittites fell in the 500s B.C.
- alphabet -- the most important thing that the Phoenicians carried with them on their trading ventures
- Amalekites -- a group of people the Israelites were able to defeat while traveling toward Sinai
- morality -- the basic rules of right and wrong, good and evil
- Assyrians -- the people to whom the Northern Kingdom and the Hittites fell in the 700s B.C.
- murex -- a kind of snail used to make dye
- iron -- used by the Hittites to make weapos
- theocracy -- rule by God
- judges -- the leaders of Israel during its first 300 years in Canaan
Israel in Its Land (3) - Gulf of Aqaba -- What body of water marked southern border of Israel's influence?
- Philistia -- Name another of Israel's western neighbors.
- Lebanon -- the Mountains of _______ was the natural boundary that separated Israel from Phoenicia.
- Hippo, Carthage -- Name two Phoenician trading posts on the northern coast of Africa.
- Euphrates River -- What river marked the northernmost extent of Israel's influence?
Latin and Greek Roots 3 - vent -- to come (Latin)
- log -- speech, word, reasoning, study (Greek)
- spher -- ball (Greek)
- uni -- one (Latin)
- vers -- to turn (Latin)
- ven -- to come (Latin)
- alter -- other (Latin)
- voc -- voice, to call (Latin)
- vert -- to turn (Latin)
- vita -- alive, live (Latin)
- ali -- other (Latin)
- logy -- speech, word, reasoning, study (Greek)
- struct -- to build (Latin)
- vac -- empty (Latin)
- viv -- alive, live (Latin
Latin and Greek Roots 4 - tele -- from afar (Greek)
- therm -- heat (Greek)
- omni -- all (Latin)
- theo -- God (Greek)
- the -- God (Greek)
Latin and Greek Roots I - fort -- strong (Latin)
- gram -- to write (Greek)
- dic -- to say (Greek)
- medi -- middle, between (Latin)
- hydr -- water (Greek)
- fer -- to bear, to carry (Latin)
- graph -- to write (Greek)
- bious -- life (Greek)
- mit -- to send, to let go (Latin)
- flu -- to flow (Latin)
- grat -- pleasing, thankful (Latin)
- geo -- earth (Greek)
- bio -- life (Greek)
- manu -- hand (Latin)
- hydro -- water (Greek)
Latin and Greek Roots II - salut -- safe, healthy (Latin)
- scrip -- to write (Latin)
- bibli -- book (Greek)
- phon -- sound; voice (Greek)
- salv -- safe, healthy (Latin)
- scrib -- to write (Latin)
- sens -- to feel, to perceive (Latin)
- auto -- self (Greek)
- astr -- star (Greek)
- rupt -- to break (Greek)
- sci -- to know (Latin)
- sent -- to feel, to perceive (Latin)
- dict -- to say (Greek)
- aster -- star (Greek)
- polis -- city (Greek)
Narla's List for Jan. 15 - cat -- a small animal with soft fur and a long tail
- can -- to be able to
- hit -- to slap or strike
- an -- One. (A form of a)
- bad -- not nice
- sat -- a form of sit
- nap -- to sleep for a short while during the day
- at -- where something is
- camp -- an outdoor place with tents or cabins
- math -- working with numbers
- am -- a form of be
- had -- a form of have
- big -- large
- add -- to find the sum of numbers
- dad -- a father
Narlita's List 1 - sun --
- net --
- a --
- ran --
- hot --
- cub --
- man --
- bus --
- sit --
- the --
Narlita's List 10 - purse --
- turn --
- girl --
- shirt --
- have --
- serve --
- curl --
- first --
- stir --
- said --
- her --
- burn --
- dirt --
- sir --
- third --
Narlita's List 11 - oil --
- join --
- point --
- toy --
- skirt --
- spoil --
- noise --
- joy --
- blow --
- what --
- boil --
- moist --
- boy --
- proud --
- said --
Narlita's List 12 - look --
- wood --
- food --
- room --
- have --
- book --
- foot --
- boot --
- moon --
- tooth --
- good --
- shook --
- loose --
- roof --
- give --
Narlita's List 13 - chick --
- born --
- horse --
- took --
- was --
- check --
- ouch --
- horn --
- work --
- says --
- chin --
- much --
- fork --
- word --
- cool --
Narlita's List 2 - boat --
- made --
- to --
- goat --
- read --
- ride --
- coat --
- bean --
- game --
- the --
Narlita's List 3 - cake --
- I --
- cute --
- keep --
- come --
- kite --
- kick --
- cat --
- cone --
- came --
Narlita's List 4 - lick --
- snake --
- shake --
- to --
- bake --
- snack --
- clock --
- come --
- back --
- like --
- brick --
- broke --
Narlita's List 5 - play --
- stay --
- way --
- to --
- day --
- gray --
- clay --
- hay --
- pray --
- spray --
- stray --
- you --
Narlita's List 6 - you --
- cuff --
- sniff --
- will --
- doll --
- stuff --
- bless --
- bell --
- of --
- puff --
- cross --
- well --
Narlita's List 7 - be --
- by --
- try --
- so --
- me --
- cry --
- no --
- two --
- he --
- my --
- go --
- one --
Narlita's List 8 - this --
- with --
- shade --
- fresh --
- then --
- do --
- she --
- brush --
- that --
- of --
- shy --
- sheep --
Narlita's List 9 - now --
- clown --
- slow --
- was --
- shout --
- cow --
- brown --
- town --
- what --
- round --
- south --
- down --
- crown --
- snow --
- cloud --
Orders of Insects - Coleoptera -- Sheath Wings
- Lepidoptera -- Scale Wings
- Odonata -- Toothed
- Hymenoptera -- Membrane Wings
- Diptera -- Two Wings
- Orthoptera -- Straight Wings
- Homoptera -- Same Wings
- Hemiptera -- Half Wings
Post-Reformation Europe - territorial -- official government churches; everyone had to belong
- Loyola -- Ignatius ________ was a Spanish soldier who began the Jesuits
- Jesuits -- religious group formed by Loyola; became "spiritual arm" for Counter-Reformation
- Adolphus -- Gustavus _____ won many victories for Protestant forces before he was killed in battle
- Vikings -- inhabitants of ancient Scandinavia
- Margrete -- _________ of Denmark; the "lady king"; united countries of Scandinavia under one empire
- France -- formerly known as Gaul
- John I -- king whose reign marked beginning of Portugal's greatest days of glory
- Vasco da Gama -- first European to reach India sailing around Africa
- Switzerland -- known for its political freedom and neutrality during war
- Peasants' -- revolt or rebellion that resulted in German people being worse off than they had before
- Counter -- ________-Reformation; Roman church's attempt to prevent any more Catholics from becoming Protestants
- Christian IV -- kign who became champion of Lutheran Protestantism
- Westphalia -- Peace of _______; renewal of same religious situation that existed before Thirty Year's War
- Hugh Capet -- king whose coronation marks birth of French nation
- The Netherlands -- sometimes called Holland; people are called the Dutch or Hollanders
- Ferdinand -- ruler of Castile and Aragon; drove Jews and Muslims out of Spain
- Bartolomeu Dias -- Portuguese explorer; sailed all the way to tip of Africa (Cape of Good Hope)
- Austria -- country in which the Hapsburg family was powerful
- Twelve Articles -- list of peasants' grievances
- Augsburg -- Peace of _________; agreement that gave approval to territorial, state-established church concept in Germany
- Ferdinand II -- Holy Roman Emperor; determined to return Bohemia to Romanism by force
- Thirty Years' -- war that was mainly a civil war in Germany and the Holy Roman Empire over religious and political issues
- Charlemagne -- king under whose rules the Frankish reached its greatest extent
- Switzerland -- Under Roman Empire, this country became known as Helvetia
- Isabella -- ruler of Castile and Aragon; drove Jews and Muslims out of Spain
- Spain -- The Roman name for this new territory was Hispania
- Navigator -- Prince Henry the _________ - avid sailor and explorer; helped Portugal lead way in great age of exploration
- Pedro Cabral -- Portuguese explorer who discovered Brazil
Prefixes (A-C) - bin -- two, twice, having two parts
- circum -- around
- con -- with, together, completely
- abs -- away (from), from
- anti -- against, opposite
- bi -- two, twice, having two parts
- cata -- down; away; thoroughly
- com -- with, together, completely
- ab -- away (from), from
- ante -- before
- be -- about
- bis -- two, twice, having two parts
- circ -- around
- ana -- on, up, back
- ant -- against, opposite
Prefixes (D-M) - in -- in, into
- mis -- bad(ly), wrong(ly)
- dis -- apart, away, reverse of, not
- ex -- out of, away from
- hypo -- under, below
- inter -- between, among
- mono -- one
- dia -- through, between, across
- epi -- upon, in addition
- extro -- outside, beyond
- im -- in, into
- mon -- one
- de -- away, down, completely
- en -- in, into
- extra -- outside, beyond
Prefixes (N-U) - super -- over, above, beyond
- tri -- three
- non -- not
- per -- through, thoroughly
- pre -- before
- sub -- under, close to
- trans -- across, beyond
- para -- beside, alongside
- post -- after
- re -- back, again
- sur -- over, above, beyond
- un -- not
- ob -- against, toward, completely
- peri -- around
- pro -- for, before, forward
Provinces and Territories - PrinceEdIsland -- Charlottetown
- YukonTerritory -- Whitehorse
- Manitoba -- Winnipeg
- NovaScotia -- Halifax
- Ontario -- Toronto
- Saskatchewan -- Regina
- BritishColumbia -- Victoria
- Newfoundland -- St. John's
- Nunavut -- Iqaluit
- Quebec -- Quebec City
- Alberta -- Edmonton
- NewBrunswick -- Fredericton
- NWTerritories -- Yellowknife
Reading Vocab List 10 - resolutely -- with a firm, unwavering mind
- martyr -- one who is killed because he will not deny his beliefs
- vengeance -- punishment in return for a wrong
- despitefully -- with the desire to harm
- distortions -- things that mislead; the twisting of facts
- avenge -- to give punishment in return
- twain -- two
- propaganda -- information used to convince people of something
- recompense -- to pay someone for something he has done
- compel -- to force
Reading Vocab List 11 - jackal -- wild, doglike animal
- doused -- wet thoroughly
- stylus -- a sharp pointed instrument used for engraving
- dispiritedly -- without enthusiasm
- murky -- dark and cloudy
- quadriplegic -- a person who is paralyzed from the neck down
- trappings -- accessories
- lofty -- of great height
- simultaneously -- at the same time
- etch -- to draw by cutting into a surface
Reading Vocab List 12 - braggart -- a person who boasts loudly of himself
- heedless -- careless; without consideration
- diffident -- shy
- stupor -- a state of mental numbness
- emporium -- a store that sells various items
- complacently -- contentedly
- dissuaded -- persuaded to change one's mind
- sumach -- a type of shrub that is often poisonous
- boggy -- marshy
- shied -- moved away as if startled
Reading Vocab List 13 - subconscious -- the part of the mind below the conscious level
- uninhabited -- having no residents
- pottage -- a thick stew
- cantering -- a horse's gait that is slower than a gallop
- sustain -- to supply enough food for life
- exile -- one who leaves his own country
- tuberculosis -- a lung disease
- carragheen -- a type of sea moss
- improvised -- made from available materials
- coupler -- a device that connects two things
Reading Vocab List 14 - sojourn -- a brief stay
- apex -- highest point
- quarterdeck -- part of the upper deck of a ship reserved for officers
- brooked -- put up with
- flat -- sailboat
- cordage -- the ropes in the rigging of a ship
- decrepit -- worn out by old age
- fissure -- a long, narrow opening
- quay -- a wharf where ships are loaded and unloaded
- entrancing -- delightful
Reading Vocab List 16 - league -- the distance of about three miles
- grappled -- having a small anchor with three or more hooks on it
- dame -- formerly used as a term of respect for a woman in authority
- delicatessen -- a shop that specializes in meats and cheeses ready for serving
- mail -- flexible metal armor
- dike -- a bank of earth and rock that prevents flooding
- stem -- to head straight into
- brigade -- a large body of troops
- antitoxin -- medicine used to stop the formation of a disease
- rave -- roar and rage
Reading Vocab List 17 - oscillator -- something that swings back and forth in rhythm
- module -- part of a spacecraft that can be closed off from another part
- inferior -- a person lower in rank than another person
- barracks -- a building for temporary use
- aerials -- radio antennas suspended in air
- elector -- a German prince of the Holy Roman Empire
- coronation -- the crowning of a king or queen
- terrace -- patio
- cinders -- remains of burned substances
- crestfallen -- discouraged
Reading Vocab List 18 - smuggled -- took away secretly
- fugitives -- persons running away from something
- inglenook -- a corner by a fireplace
- engrossed -- completely occupied
- countered -- responded
- rankling -- causing irritation
- stricken -- overwhelmed by emotion
- doused -- put out
- nonchalant -- seemingly unconcerned
- ambled -- walked casually
Reading Vocab List 19 - emaciated -- very thin
- ludicrous -- absurd
- animosity -- hatred
- grasp -- understand
- condescending -- showing a superior attitude
- conspirator -- one who plans to do wrong
- placid -- calm
- preposterous -- ridiculous
- prudence -- wisdom
- numbly -- quickly and easily
Reading Vocab List 20 - guile -- clever deceit
- troth -- faithfulness
- pathetic -- able to bring forth compassion in others
- stinted -- made to do without necessities
- clout -- the target in archery
- corroborated -- supported
- reconcile -- cause oneself to accept something
- knave -- a man who ranks low in society
- insolence -- insulting behavior
- secretary -- a desk which has a small bookcase on top
Reading Vocab List 21 - heath -- a stretch of open land covered with small plants
- pikestaff -- a walking stick tipped with metal
- retainers -- servants
- bracken -- fern
- cumber -- burden
- garrison -- military troops stationed at a post
- pikes -- long spears
- sally -- a sudden rush or attack
- keep -- the stronghold (fortress) of a castle
- ewer -- a pitcher for serving
Reading Vocab List 22 - mace -- a heavy spiked club
- plasma -- the clear liquid part of blood that cells float in
- serum -- a yellowish fluid found in the blood
- hist -- a word that commands silence
- dais -- a raised platform
- blitzkrieg -- a sudden military attack from the air
- turrets -- tower-shaped projections on a castle
- sconces -- brackets on the wall to hold candles or other lights
- modification -- alteration; change
- thesis -- a long essay proving an idea
Reading Vocab List 23 - baffled -- bewildered; confused
- armistice -- a peace agreement that brings an end to fighting
- conceded -- admitted
- endeavored -- tried
- airdrome -- airport
- obscure -- unknown
- tack -- a mission
- ambitions -- desires to reach a goal
- competent -- capable
- enshrouded -- surrounded
Reading Vocab List 24 - jive talk -- slang words
- glade -- an open area within a forest
- freestone -- a stone that was heated and used as a bed-warmer on cold nights
- derision -- ridicule
- inauguration -- the ceremony that officially recognizes someone's public office
- esteem -- value
- disparagement -- a loss of respect
- augers -- tools used to drill holes in wood
- sublime -- of great worth
- precepts -- rules or principles
Reading Vocab List 25 - lentils -- a type of peas or beans
- morale -- good spirits such as confidence, cheerfulness, willingness, etc.
- pillbox -- a platform for a machine gun
- machete -- a large knife with a broad blade
- paraphernalia -- equipment
- campaigns -- military operations
- rap -- to hit quickly
- chonta -- a type of palm tree
- primitive -- not in keeping with modern civilization
- dear -- having a high price
Reading Vocab List 26 - mackinaw -- a short woolen coat
- uninitiated -- inexperienced
- domesticated -- tame
- thither -- toward that place
- tawny -- brownish yellow
- besmirch -- defile; make unclean
- mauling -- rough handling
- freshets -- floods caused by heavy rains
- sash -- window frame
- sire -- father
Reading Vocab List 27 - rash -- bold and hasty
- benignant -- kind
- naturalized -- admitted to citizenship
- resplendent -- brilliant
- snivel -- whine or complain
- antiquated -- very old
- maw -- the mouth of a stream
- ninepence -- a silver coin worth about nine pennies
- renown -- great fame
- comprised -- included
Reading Vocab List 28 - confiscated -- seized and kept by authority
- degradation -- corruption
- innovations -- newly introduced ideas
- cynical -- characterized by bitterness or unbelief
- estate -- position
- lathe -- a machine that shapes
- phenomenon -- something unusual or marvelous
- apostasy -- change of belief
- exiles -- those who have been banned from their country
- phosphorus -- a waxy substance that glows in the dark
Reading Vocab List 29 - personified -- was a perfect example of
- garret -- a room on the top floor of a house, usually under a pitched roof
- garb -- disguise
- arsenal -- a building that stores supplies
- proprietor -- owner of a business
- treason -- the betrayal of one's country
- pelf -- money
- diverged -- went in different directions
- raw -- inexperienced
- enterprise -- a plan
Reading Vocab List 30 - tempestuous -- resembling a storm
- whim -- a sudden idea
- providential -- from God
- deprecatingly -- expressing strong disapproval
- abstracted -- lost in thought
- tick -- mattress
- gable -- the space between the two slanted sides at the end of a roof
- smart -- quick in movement
- kindred spirit -- one who naturally understands another's thoughts and feelings
- superfluous -- extra
Reading Vocab List 31 - destitute -- lacking necessary things
- instrumentality -- a way of getting things done
- arrest -- stop
- urchins -- small children
- censure -- criticism
- giddy -- dizzy
- waifs -- abandoned or orphaned children
- unkempt -- untidy
- putrefaction -- rotting and decay
- flasks -- long-necked containers used in a laboratory
Reading Vocabulary List 1 - craven -- cowardly
- desolate -- deserted; barren
- incandescent -- shining brightly
- talons -- the claws of a bird of prey
- slough -- a muddy hollow; a swamp
- flatiron -- an iron that was heated on a hearth and used for pressing clothes or warming beds
- remote -- located far away; secluded
- filigree -- a delicate and detailed design
- buffalo wolves -- wolves that lived on the plains and hunted buffalo
- inflammation -- pain, redness, and swelling caused by infection
Reading Vocabulary List 2 - turbid -- muddy
- guffaw -- to laugh heartily
- mirage -- an optical illusion
- quiver -- a portable case for holding arrows
- prim -- neat
- brackish -- somewhat salty
- affrighted -- filled with fear
- lodgings -- places to live
- cavalcade -- a parade of riders on horseback
- brusquely -- abruptly
Reading Vocabulary List 3 - renegade -- an outlaw; a rebel
- serenity -- the quality of remaining calm
- alcoves -- secluded places
- valiant -- courageous
- prostrate -- lying flat on the ground
- trowel -- a small garden tool used for scooping dirt
- teeming -- abounding; swarming
- rangy -- long and slender
- sheen -- glistening brightness
- discern -- to detect; distinguish
Reading Vocabulary List 4 - sentry -- a guard
- marshal -- a high-ranking official who aids the king in military affairs
- bow -- the front section of a boat
- orderly -- a soldier whose job is to help a superior officer
- marquis -- a nobleman ranking just below a duke
- stern -- the rear section of a boat
- beeves -- meat from beef cattle
- knoll -- a small hill
- skiff -- a shallow flat-bottom boat
- militia -- ordinary citizens ready for battle
Reading Vocabulary List 5 - speculated -- thought about; considered
- straightway -- immediately
- dispensary -- a place where medicines and treatments are given out
- embedded -- fixed firmly
- vermilion -- bright red color
- infirmary -- a type of hospital, usually small
- intimate -- very close
- guttural -- having the quality of sounds made in the throat
- rughless -- without compassion or mercy
- wharf -- a dock where ships load and unload
Reading Vocabulary List 7 - jalopy -- an old, worn-out automobile
- rawboned -- having a lean frame with prominent bones
- lariat -- a lasso
- greenhorn -- an inexperienced person
- amend -- to improve
- bowery -- a pleasant shady area
- tenderfoot -- a newcomer; not used to rough outdoor life
- towheaded -- having white-blond hair
- piazza -- porch
- bowie -- a special hunting knife invented by Jim Bowie
Reading Vocabulary List 8 - bottoms -- low-lying land next to a river
- froth -- to foam
- lithe -- flexile
- apparatus -- an appliance or device for a particular purpose
- gally -- the kitchen of a ship
- yoke -- a bar to be carried across the shoulders with equal weights suspended on each end
- Godhead -- the Trinity
- ledger -- a book in which business accounts are kept
- laden -- weighed down wih a burden
- azure -- a purplish blue
Reading Vocabulary List 9 - Moravians -- members of a Christian group in Germany who sent out some of the first missionaries of modern times
- clamoring -- very noisy
- warrant -- written authority
- rituals -- formal religious acts
- craggy -- uneven
- sullenly -- with resentment
- sever -- separate
- manuscript -- the original of a book submitted for printing
- plunder -- to take by force
- token -- a sign that gives proof
Rome after Christ - Titus -- the emperor when Vesuvius erupted
- Claudian -- four descendants of caesar Augustus who ruled from A.D. 14 to 68
- Valerian -- emperor who tried to harm Christianity by attacking Christian leaders
- Edict of Milan -- encouraged the policy of toleration that made being a Christian no longer a crime
- Constantine -- the first Christian emperor of the Roman Empire
- Thor -- German god whose name was used for Thursday
- Attila -- the leader of the Huns
- Tiberius -- emperor who ruled during the time of Christ's crucifixion, resurrection, and ascension
- Pompeii -- the city buried by Mount Vesuvius
- Nero -- first emperor to persecute Christians
- Adrianople -- where the Visigoths gave the Roman army one of its worst defeats
- Trajan -- emperor who spread the empire to its greatest limits
- five good -- emperors from 96 to 180 who were selected for their ability and specially trained
- Maximian -- appointed by Diocletian to rule the western half of the Roman Empire
- Woden -- German god whose name was used for Wednesday
- Theodosius I -- the emperor who made Christianity the official religion of the Roman Empire
- Pontius Pilate -- the Roman governor of Palestine who authorized the crucifixion of Christ
- Mount Vesuvius -- a volcano that buried the city of Pompeii
- Claudius -- emperor who expelled all Jews from Rome
- Constantinople -- Constantine's new Roman capital
- Domitian -- Flavian emperor who demanded to be worshiped as a god
- Flavian -- Vespasian and his descendants who ruled from A.D. 69 to 96
- Diocletion -- emperor who divided the empire into two parts; began the severest persecution Christianity ever knew
- Sunna -- German god whose name was used for Sunday
- Eusebius -- the church history writer who recorded Constantine's vision of the cross
- Alaric -- the leader of the Visigoths
- Caligula -- the insane emperor who was murdered by his bodyguards
- Byzantium -- the site where Constantine built his new capital called Constantinople
Rome before Christ - Pyrrhus -- the Greek king whose victories over Rome cost him many men
- Palestine -- the name of the promised land by the time of the Roman Empire
- Colosseum -- a Roman amphitheater where crowds gathered to watch men fight men and beasts to the death
- Pompey -- elected consul in 70 B.C.; captured Jerusalem in 63 B.C.
- Etruscans -- early inhabitants of Italy
- Princeps -- Octavian's title
- Octavian -- Julius Caesar's adopted son and heir; became known as Caesar Augustus
- Forum -- a common meeting place which was the heart of the city of Rome
- census -- a counting of the total population and value of property in each province
- Sardinia -- one of two large islands that lie near the Italian peninsula
- Plebeians -- the common people of Rome
- Septuagint -- a Greek version of the Old Testament
- Apennines -- the mountain range which stretches from the Po River valley to the tip of the peninsula
- Twelve Tables -- law that stated Roman law be written down and displayed in the Forum
- Rubicon River -- where Caesar disobeyed and showed his determination to be ruler of Rome
- Battle of Zama -- where Hannibal was defeated at the end of the Second Punic War
- Remus -- one of two brothers in the legend of Rome's beginning
- Scipio -- led the Roman attack on Carthage during the Second Punic War
- Greeks -- early inhabitants of Italy
- Actium -- Battle where Octavian defeated Antony
- Antony -- Caesar's closest friend; defeated at Actium
- Magna Graecia -- "greater Greece"
- Pax Romana -- two hundred years of the Roman Empire remembered as a time of peace and prosperity
- Herod -- Palestinian king at the time of Christ's birth
- republic -- a form of government in which all citizens participate in decisions through elected officials
- synagogues -- Jewish places of worship
- Alps -- the mountains which isolate Italy from the rest of Europe
- Senate -- the most powerful body in the Roman republic
- Carthage -- Rome;s enemy in the Punic Wars
- Punic Wars -- three wars between Rome and Carthage
- Romulus -- one of two brothers in the legend of Rome's beginning
- Hannibal -- used elephants in his march throuh the Alps during the Second Punic War
- Gauls -- early inhabitants of Italy
- Julian calendar -- a calendar Julius Caesar made that had 365 1/4 days per year
- Julius Caesar -- ruled the Roman Empire from 49 to 44 B.C.
- Latins -- early inhabitants of Italy
- Imperator -- Octavian's title
- Cleopatra -- last Ptolemaic ruler of Egypt; committed suicide with Antony in 31 B.C.
- Pantheon -- an ancient Roman temple dedicated to the numerous gods of the empire
- Stoics -- group of philosophers
- Sicily -- one of two large islands that lie near the Italian peninsula
- patricians -- wealthier Romans
- Christ -- the true King of the Jews whose coming was the great turning point of history
- Tiber River -- the location of the city of Rome
- Latin League -- a defensive allizance against the Etruscans
Spelling List 24 - bibliography -- a list of books and articles on a particular subject
- grammar -- the study of how a language works
- compliment -- something good said of someone
- synonymous -- having the same or nearly the same meaning
- essay -- a short composition
- complement -- something that completes or makes perfect
- antecedent -- the word to which a pronoun refers
- communicate -- to send or receive messages; to make known
- plagiarism -- the use of someone else's thoughts or words as your own
- italic -- a style of printing which slants to the right
Spelling List 28 - arid -- dry
- condensation -- the forming of tiny droplets of water as water vapor cools
- jet stream -- a high-speed wind current moving from west to east around the earth
- hygrometer -- an instrument for measuring humidity
- Fahrenheit scal -- a scale for measuring temperature on which 32 degrees marks the freezing point of water and 212 degrees marks the boiling point
- drought -- a long season of no rain
- barometer -- an instrument for measuring air pressure
- Celsius scale -- a scale for measuring temperature on which 0 degrees marks the freezing point of water and 100 degrees marks the boiling point
Spelling Vocab List 1 - compelled -- forced; commanded
- compound -- having two or more parts put together
- concentration -- close attention
- condescend -- to come down to another's mental or social level
- deficiency -- shortage; inadequacy
- companion -- a friend; one who accompanies another
- contrite -- feeling deeply sorry for having sinned
- conceit -- vanity
- condemn -- to declare guilty; to sentence
- consistency -- faithfulness; firmness of character
- commercial -- having to do with business or trade
- compassionate -- sympathetic
- compromise -- the settling of a disagreement by both sides giving up something
- concept -- an idea
- consent -- permission
Spelling Vocab List 10 - satisfactory -- adequate; good enough to fulfill the need
- observatory -- a building for observing planets and stars
- hydrophobia -- an abnormal fear of water
- gracious -- courteous and kind
- reassure -- to encourage
- contradictory -- opposite; contrary
- directory -- a list of names and addresses
- dehydrate -- to remove water from
- grateful -- thankful
- reject -- to cast off
- reserve -- to set apart for later or some special purpose
- predatory -- living by feeding upon other animals
- congratulate -- to express pleasure over someone's success
- renovate -- to make like new again
- revise -- to read over carefully and improve
Spelling Vocab List 11 - manufacture -- to make a product
- fluctuate -- to change continually; to waver
- discord -- a lack of harmony or agreement
- disentangle -- to loosen; to untangle
- neglectful -- careless; irresponsible
- manual -- made, done, or used by the hands
- manipulated -- handled skillfully or cleverly
- disgraceful -- shameful
- disease -- a sickness
- intermission -- a pause between the parts of a performance
- maneuver -- to guide skillfully
- fluently -- easily and rapidly, as in speaking or writing
- disappoint -- to sadden by not doing what is expected
- international -- between nations
- bountiful -- plentiful; more than enough
Spelling Vocab List 12 - beguiled -- deceived
- clarify -- to make clear
- rectify -- to make right; to correct
- medieval -- pertaining to the Middle Ages
- besieged -- made a long, continual attack
- befuddled -- confused
- simplify -- to make plainer or easier
- glorify -- to worship or praise
- intermittent -- stopping (leaving off), then starting again
- bestow -- to give as a gift
- bedraggled -- wet and dirty
- dignify -- to make noble or proper
- intensify -- to make stronger or greater
- remittance -- money sent by mail
- mediocre -- ordinary
Spelling Vocab List 13 - fluently -- easily and rapidly, as in speaking or writing
- bountiful -- plentiful; more than enough
- medieval -- pertaining to the Middle Ages
- dehydrate -- to remove water from
- renovate -- to make like new again
- fluctuate -- to change continually; to waver
- manipulated -- handled skillfully or cleverly
- intermittent -- stopping (leaving off), then starting again
- congratulate -- to express pleasure over someone's success
- predatory -- living by feeding upon other animals
- disentangle -- to loosen; to untangle
- remittance -- money sent by mail
- mediocre -- ordinary
- hydrophobia -- an abnormal fear of water
- contradictory -- opposite; contrary
Spelling Vocab List 2 - incision -- a cut
- inherit -- to receive something from an ancestor at his death
- implement -- a tool; a utensil
- irrigation -- the supplying of land with water by using ditches or sprinklers
- bibliography -- a list of books and articles on a particular subject
- incinerate -- to burn to ashes
- import -- to bring in from another country
- imminent -- about to happen; close at hand
- persuaded -- convinced by argument or pleading
- autocrat -- an absolute ruler
- inoculate -- to inject a vaccine into a living organism to prevent disease
- inhabit -- to dwell in or live in a place
- immigrant -- a person who comes into a new country to live
- attempted -- tried; made an effort
- autobiography -- the story of one's life, written by oneself
Spelling Vocab List 3 - predict -- to say in advance
- submerged -- covered with water
- substitute -- a person or thing that takes the place of another
- dialogue -- a conversation between two or more people
- biology -- the study of living things
- diction -- the choice and use of words
- contradict -- to say the opposite
- subdue -- to conquer; to bring under control
- diagnose -- to find the cause of a problem by close examination
- amphibious -- able to live on land and in water
- verdict -- the decision of a jury
- suburb -- a community on the outskirts of a city
- submissive -- yielding to the authority of another
- physician -- a person skilled in the art of healing; a doctor
- biography -- the story of a person's life
Spelling Vocab List 5 - monarchy -- a nation governed by a king or queen
- convertible -- able to be changed into something else
- durable -- lasting; not easily broken
- reliable -- trustworthy; able to be counted on
- conifer -- a cone-bearing tree
- monogram -- a single design made up of a person's initials
- audible -- able to be heard
- edible -- can be eaten
- portable -- able to be moved from place to place
- transfer -- to move up or carry from one place or person to another
- fertile -- bearing fruit in great quanitities
- visible -- able to be seen
- credible -- can be believed
- capable -- having ability; skillful
- defer -- to submit to another's wishes
Spelling Vocab List 6 - allegiance -- devotion; loyalty
- resemblance -- likeness
- fortify -- to make strong or secure
- bisect -- to divide into two equal parts
- triune -- being three in one
- hindrance -- something that gets in the way
- abundance -- much more than enough
- geology -- the study of the earth through rocks
- triangle -- a three-sided figure
- assistance -- help or support
- repentance -- sorrow for having done wrong and a desire to correct it
- endurance -- the power to keep on without giving up
- geography -- the description of the earth and its surface
- biennial -- occurring every two years or lasting for two years, (as plants)
- alliance -- a union or agreement
Spelling Vocab List 8 - purity -- the state of being physically and morally clean
- descend -- to go down (from a higher place)
- deduct -- to take away; subtract
- supernatural -- relating to more than the natural universe; relating to God
- conformity -- the state of being in agreement; likeness
- clarity -- the state of being clear
- degrade -- to lower in standing or worth
- superior -- of higher rank, quality, or importance
- immunity -- the body's ability to resist an infection or disease
- priority -- that which comes before in order of importance
- sanity -- soundness mind and judgment
- descendant -- one who comes down from a common ancestor
- supervisor -- the one who oversees work
- prosperity -- success; wealth
- absurdity -- that which is ridiculous or silly
The America West II - Faithful -- Famous geyser in Yellowstone National Park is known as Old _______.
- Hells -- The deepest canyon in the United States; forms part of the border between Idaho and Oregon
- Death -- The hottest and driest part of North America is known as __________ Valley
- Crater -- Teh deepest lake in the United States
- ouzels -- The water ____ usually make their nests behind a waterfall
- Yellowstone -- The largest high-altitude lake in North America
- Grand -- The largest canyon in the world; the Colorado River flows though it
- Yosemite -- North America's highest waterfall
- pikas -- The "fat little farmers of the mountain slope"
- Mammoth -- The most famous springs in Yellowstone is known as ________ Hot Springs
- Great -- Largest saltwater lake in North America; the largest natural lake west of the Mississippi River
- Carlsbad -- The world's most spectacular limestone caverns
- Columbia -- The largest river flowing into the Pacific Ocean from North America
- bighorn -- the wild sheep of North America
The American West - continental -- a stretch of high land that divides the rivers of a continental is the _____ divide.
- Yellowstone -- The oldest national park in the world and one of the largest in North America
- Basin -- The largest area in the United States is the Great _________.
- cordilleran -- The longest mountain chain on earth
- sagebrush -- A bushy plant with a sweet smell and bitter taste
- fauna -- the animals of a specific region
- Rocky -- The backbone of North America is the _______ Mountains.
- grizzly -- The bear considered to probably be the most dangerous animal in North America
- Grand -- The world's largest canyon
- cacti -- Traveling plants native to the Western Hemisphere and found mainly in deserts
- flora -- the plants of a specific region
- Great -- The name given to the divide in North America is the ______ Divide
- mountain -- The animal that is the second largest cat in the Western Hemisphere is the ______ lion
- bristlecone -- The longest-living tree found in the Great Basin Desert
- saguaro -- The largest cactus in the world
The English Nation - Philip II -- king of Spain who was determined to overthrow Elizabeth and make Catholic queen of Scotland queen of England
- Anglo-Saxons -- the Jutes, Angles, and Saxons who conquered Britain
- Right -- Petition of _____; document that reaffirmed liberties and rights which Englishmen won
- Alfred -- ________ the Great was the first great king of England
- Silent -- William the ________; Prince of Orange; led Dutch patriots in defense of Protestantism; "father of his country"
- Norman Conquest -- William the Conqueror's victory at the Battle of Hastings
- Ironsides -- Cromwell's troops
- Henry II -- first in the line of Plantagenet kings
- Shakespeare -- the greatest writer the world has ever known; author of 38 plays performed at Globe Theater
- constitution -- rules for exercise and restraint of governmental power
- Whigs -- group that arose in Parliament to oppose Charles II
- Edward I -- his "Model Parliament" resulted in representative government
- Cromwell -- Oliver _____; military genius who became Lord Protector of England after Civil War
- Bosworth Field -- Battle of ________; site where Henry Tudor defeated Richard III and became Henry VII
- de Montfort -- Simon _____ called the first meeting of Parliament in 1265
- Henry VIII -- divorced Catherine of Aragon because he wanted male heir
- William III -- king of England as a result of the Glorious Revolution
- Scottish -- _______ Reformation; led by John Knox
- Anne Boleyn -- Protestant mother of Elizabeth I
- Elizabeth I -- "The Virgin Queen"; beloved for her remarkable character
- Druids -- special group of Celtic men who acted as teachers, judges, and priests
- King James -- translation commissioned by James I and completed in 1611
- Edward Coke -- Chief Justice; one of England's greatest lawyers
- Augustine -- the first archbishop of Canterbury
- John Knox -- outstanding leader of Scottish Reformation
- Chronicles -- Anglo-Saxon _______; running account of current events begun by Alfred the Great
- English Civil -- War between Cavaliers and Roundheads
- Conqueror -- William the _______; defeated Harold Godwin at Battle of Hastings
- Francis Drake -- attacked and raided Spanish ships with Elizabeth's knowledge and approval
- Magna Carta -- document that defined ancient rights and privileges of people which King John forced to sign at Runnymeade
- Dover -- treaty in which Charles II agreed to obtain toleration for English Catholics and join Roman church
- King John -- the most hated king of English history
- Charles I -- "Man of Blood"; tried and executed Cromwell's army
- War of Roses -- war between the houses of Lancaster and York
- Julius Caesar -- conquered the Celts around 55 B.C.
- Henry VII -- first Tudor king of England
- James II -- king who tried unsuccessfully to reimpose Romanism on England
- Common Prayer -- book of prayers to be spoken or sung
- Aragon -- Catherine of ________ was Henry VIII's first wife
- Mary II -- queen who resolved to return English nation to Roman church; "Bloody Mary"
- Celts -- earliest known inhabitants of the British Isles
- Puritans -- group that wanted to "purify" the Church of England
- John Foxe -- wrote the Book of Martyrs
- Mary Stuart -- Queen of Scots; her mother planned to depose Elizabeth to make Mary queen of England
- Beowulf -- the greatest Saxon poem
- Roundheads -- whose against the king during the English Civil War
- Canute the Dane -- Viking; ruled England, Denmark, and Norway as a great empire
- John Hawkins -- built up the English fleet
- Domesday Book -- compilation of census ordered by King William which was completed in 1086
- Dover -- treaty secretly signed between Charles II and King Louis XIV
- Richard I -- English king known for his love of Crusades
- James I -- first Stuart king of England; had scholars produce King James or Authorized Version of the Bible
- Hundred Years' -- dispute over French throne which lasted from 1337 to 1453
- Glorious -- Bloodless Revolution that established the principle of government by consent
- Henry IV -- first king in Lancastrian dynasty
- Charles II -- king under whom the monarchy was fully restored by 1662
- English -- _______ Reformation; time when England broke ties with Catholic Church; Bible became accessible to all English
- Joan of Arc -- "Maid of Orleans" who led the French to some victories over English
- Edward VI -- Henry VIII's only male heir; Protestantism progressed
- Mary II -- queen of England with William III as a result of the Glorious Revolution
- Spanish Armada -- Invincible Armada completely defeated by the English
- Thomas Cranmer -- Protestant archbishop of Canterbury
The Intermountain Region - Hells Canyon -- the deepest canyon in the United States
- Great Salt Lake -- the largest saltwater lake in North America
- Death Valley -- the hottest and driest part of North America
- Mt. Whitney -- the highest point in the United States outside Alaska
- Painted Desert -- Stretches for 200 miles along the Little Colorado River
- Columbia -- the largest lava plateau in the world
- bristlecone -- this pine lives longer than any other tree in the world
- Grand Canyon -- the largest canyon in the world
- Havasupai -- people of the blue-green water
- Carlsbad -- the world's most spectacular limestone caverns
- Great Basin -- the largest desert area in the United States
- saguaro cactus -- the largest cactus in the world
- Coronado -- Spanish explorer; the first white men to see the Grand Canyon
- Hopi -- Indians who live in the Painted Desert and use brightly colored sands to make their paintings
- Petrified Fores -- the largest and most colorful forest in the world
The Rocky Mountains - Great Divide -- the stretch of high land that divides the river systems of North America
- Yellowstone -- the oldest national park in the world
- Mammoth -- the most famous hot springs in Yellowstone National Park
- Rocky Mountains -- the backbone of North America
- fauna -- the animals of a specific region
- Columbia River -- the largest river flowing into the Pacific Ocean from North America
- Steamboat -- the world's largest geyser
- Cordilleras -- a system of mountain ranges which reaches from the Arctic to South America
- flora -- the plants of a specific region
- Colorado River -- the river that flows through the Grand Canyon
- Old Faithful -- the most famous geyser
- Yellowstone -- the largest high-altitude lake in North America
- Mt. Elbert -- the highest peak in the Rockies
Vocabulary for List 20 - Cabinet -- advisors to the President
- federal -- having to do with the national government
- inaugurated -- installed in office with a ceremony
- executive -- the branch of government that carries out the laws
- liberal -- a person who seeks to break away from traditional beliefs and values
- ambassador -- a representative sent by one government to another
- judicial -- the branch of government that interprets the laws according to the Constitution
- conservative -- a person who seeks to preserve (keep) traditional beliefs and values
- quorum -- the number of members required at a meeting to conduct business
- legislative -- the branch of government that makes the laws
Vocabulary for List 21 - eerie -- causing fear
- rations -- specific amounts of food
- batten -- make secure
- omnipotent -- all powerful
- vigil -- a time of watching while others sleep
- laboratory -- a workplace for scientists
- speculations -- opinions based on reason
Vocabulary for List 22 - cadet -- a military school student
- grubbing -- digging
- vices -- evil practices or habits
- fray -- a fight
- mainstay -- the main support
- ciphered -- did arithmetic
- hew -- to cut
Vocabulary for List 23 - kiln -- an oven for hardening or drying substances like bricks and ceramics
- solicit -- to ask for
- elated -- full of joy
- pawned -- borrowed money in exchange for personal property
- charity -- good will; love
- malice -- ill will; hatred
- appropriated -- set aside for a particular use
Vocabulary for List 24 - outset -- the beginning
- staunch -- firm and steadfast
- momentum -- the force that keeps an object moving
- silhouette -- an outline of something, usually filled in with black
- drafted -- required to join the military
- prone -- lying face down
- ungainly -- awkward and clumsy
Vocabulary for List 25 - aquatic -- taking place in water
- intimate -- closely acquainted
- amiable -- pleasant, good natured
- indolent -- lazy
- protege -- one who is trained by another
- effervescence -- high spirits
- jovial -- fun-filled
Vocabulary for List 26 - languor -- stillness
- emitted -- spoke; uttered
- inculcate -- to teach; instill
- unverifiable -- not able to be proven
- incorporate -- to combine with
- travail -- anquish; extreme hardship
- harrowing -- extremely distressing
Vocabulary for List 27 - ambush -- a sudden attack made from a place of hiding
- hunch -- an instinctive feeling or idea
- mirth -- happiness characterized by laughter
- encumber -- add a burden to
- lair -- the home of a wild animal
- dignity -- manner and appearance worthy of respect
- kerchief -- a handkerchief, often tied around the neck
Vocabulary for List 28 - zephyrs -- soft, gentle breezes
- curlew -- a bird with long legs and a curved bill
- whiff -- a smell passing through the air
- buckwheat -- a type of wheat used to make flour
- pewter -- a silver-colored metal used to make tableware
- balmy -- gentle and pleasant
- lamentation -- an expression of grief
Vocabulary for List 6 - capsize -- to overturn in the water
- blundered -- moved clumsily
- aside -- a remark made quietly so as not to be heard by most
- chisel -- a tool used to cut and carve
- foreman -- the leader of a work crew
- fervently -- showing great emotion or zeal
- miser -- a greedy person who hoards money
- ties -- wooden beams laid across a railroad bed to secure the rails
- lanky -- tall, thin, and awkward
- burly -- strong and muscular
Vocabulary List 1 - look -- to watch
- bag -- sack
- stove -- oven
- foolish -- silly
- grin -- smile
- old -- not new
- normal -- usual
- unkind -- mean
- riddle -- puzzle
- argue -- fight
- slip -- to fall on the ice
- muddy -- dirty
- hidden -- secret
- present -- gift
- bring -- carry
Vocabulary List 15 - dauntless -- fearless; incapable of being discouraged
- tussocks -- clumps or clusters
- tomcod -- an edible marine fish
- intrigued -- made curious and interested
- swatch -- a sample piece of material
- flaw -- a piece of land
- monotony -- boredom
- moored -- tied securely
- pack ice -- pieces of ice that form a large mass
- chastisement -- correction, punishment
Volcanoes 3.3 - Tephra -- Volcanic ash, lapilli, and volcanic bombs are examples of these rock fragments
- Lapilli -- Fragments of tephra that are smaller than bombs and larger than ash.
- Chamber -- A reservoir of magma a few miles beneath the surface that may give rise to a volcano is the Magma _____.
- Fumaroles -- Holes or cracks serving as escape vents for underground gases
- Bombs -- Fragments of tephra more than 2 1/2 inches across.
- Volcano -- A vent that allows molten rock and hot gases to escape from within the earth
- Ring -- The belt of volcanoes that encircles the Pacific Ocean is known as the _____ of Fire
- Ash -- The smallest fragments of tephra are known as volcanic _____.
- Magma -- Name given to melted rock whil it is still underground
- Lava -- Name given to melted rock that has reached the earth's surface
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